The influence of classical-conditioning procedures on subsequent attention to the conditioned brand.

Three experiments are used to investigate the influence of conditioning procedures on attention to a conditioned stimulus. In experiment 1, scenes presented in a sequence that is consistent with prescribed conditioning procedures are shown to encourage attention to the advertised brands in subsequent product displays. Experiment 2 suggests that differential attention to conditioned brands can be attributed to the signaling properties the brand acquires as a consequence of conditioning. Evidence from a third experiment raises the possibility that semantic conditioning may be responsible for the effects observed in experiments 1 and 2. The findings suggest that current prescriptions on the use of conditioning procedures may need to be updated.contingency awareness; orienting response; external validity; consumer research; context; stimulus; recall;

Two Ways of Learning Brand Associations

Four studies show that consumers have not one but two distinct learning processes that allow them to use brand names and other product features to predict consumption benefits. The first learning process is a relatively unfocused process in which all stimulus elements get cross-referenced for later retrieval. This process is backward looking and consistent with human associative memory (HAM) models. The second learning process requires that a benefit be the focus of prediction during learning. It assumes feature-benefit associations change only to the extent that the expected performance of the product does not match the experienced performance of the product. This process is forward looking and consistent with adaptive network models. The importance of this two-process theory is most apparent when a product has multiple features. During HAM learning, each feature-benefit association will develop independently. During adaptive learning, features will compete to predict benefits and, thus, feature-benefit associations will develop interdependently. We find adaptive learning of feature-benefit associations when consumers are motivated to learn to predict a benefit (e.g., because it is perceived to have hedonic relevance) but find HAM learning when consumers attend to an associate of lesser motivational significanc

Evaluative Conditioning 2.0: Referential versus Intrinsic Learning of Affective Value

Evaluative conditioning is an important determinant of consumers’ likes and dislikes. Three experiments show that it can result from two types of learning. First, stimulus-stimulus (S – S) or referential learning allows a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a brand) to acquire valence by triggering (unconscious) recollections of the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a pleasant image). Second, stimulus-response (S – R) or intrinsic learning allows a conditioned stimulus to bind directly with the affective response that was previously generated by the unconditioned stimulus. We show when each type of learning occurs and demonstrate the consequences for the robustness of conditioned brand attitudes

Perturbations of moving membranes in AdS_7

We study the stability of uniformly moving membrane-like objects in seven dimensional Anti-de Sitter space. This is approached by a linear perturbation analysis and a search for growing modes. We examine both analytic and numerical configurations previously found in [1].Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

High strain rate effect on tensile ductility and fracture of AM fabricated Inconel 718 with voided microstructures

The paper describes Electromagnetic Ring Expansion Tests (ERET) performed on Laser Melting Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Inconel 718 stress relieved test pieces, to establish the effect of a randomly dispersed spherically voided microstructure on tensile ductility, fracture, and fragmentation at high strain rate (10-3 < e < 104 s-1). An empirical model to predict porosity type and growth rates as a function of laser energy density was established, to select the LPBF process parameters to fabricate test pieces under stable conduction and keyhole melting. The size, shape, distribution of macro and keyhole pores in the test pieces obtained for ERET testing were characterised. At high strain rate the number of ring fragments for the highest porosity doubled, accompanied by a reduction in true strain at maximum uniform elongation and fracture strain. The trend for reducing fracture strain with increasing porosity at high strain rate was described by a decaying power law. Overall, there was a significant positive strain rate effect on tensile ductility at lower porosities attributed strain rate hardening (Hart, 1967) [1]. Fracture surfaces containing the highest porosity identified four different void coalescence mechanisms that helped explain the influence of larger pores on the stress state in the alloy.The AM of IN718 and tensile testing was funded by the UoD, College of Science and Engineering Research Excellence Framework (REF) funding for the Director of IISE (P. Wood) and AM Researcher (U. Gunputh). The support of G. Williams for IN718 sample preparation and M. Pawlik for tensile testing is acknowledged. A. Rusinek acknowledges the program UC3M-Santander Chair of Excellence in additive manufacturing. The expanding ring tests investigations were funded by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Centre for Research and Development under research grant No. TECHMATSTRATEG2/410049/12/NCBR/2019

Moving Defects in AdS/CFT

We study defects of various dimensions moving through Anti-de Sitter space. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence this allows us to probe aspects of the dual quantum field theory. We focus on the energy loss experienced by these defects as they move through the CFT plasma. We find that the behavior of these physical quantities is governed by induced world-volume horizons. We identify world-volume analogs for several gravitational phenomena including black holes, the Hawking-Page phase transition and expanding cosmological horizons.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures. Version 2 contains two added reference

Dressed spectral densities for heavy quark diffusion in holographic plasmas

We analyze the large frequency behavior of the spectral densities that govern the generalized Langevin diffusion process for a heavy quark in the context of the gauge/gravity duality. The bare Langevin correlators obtained from the trailing string solution have a singular short-distance behavior. We argue that the proper dressed spectral functions are obtained by subtracting the zero-temperature correlators. The dressed spectral functions have a sufficiently fast fall-off at large frequency so that the Langevin process is well defined and the dispersion relations are satisfied. We identify the cases in which the subtraction does not modify the associated low-frequency transport coefficients. These include conformal theories and the non-conformal, non-confining models. We provide several analytic and numerical examples in conformal and non-conformal holographic backgrounds.Comment: 51 pages, 2 figure

SERPs and Ads on Mobile Devices: An Eye Tracking Study for Generation Y

We use eye tracking data to analyze the search behavior of Generation Y users when searching for information using a mobile phone. Following previous studies, we use Google as an example of list-based SERPs to explore the impact of advertisements in search results and their impact on attention before the user’s first action on the page. Results provide evidence that the presence of advertisements and location on the screen can have an impact on user experience and search

Holographic Brownian Motion in Magnetic Environments

Using the gauge/gravity correspondence, we study the dynamics of a heavy quark in two strongly-coupled systems at finite temperature: Super-Yang-Mills in the presence of a magnetic field and non-commutative Super-Yang-Mills. In the former, our results agree qualitatively with the expected behavior from weakly-coupled theories. In the latter, we propose a Langevin equation that accounts for the effects of non-commutativity and we find new interesting features. The equation resembles the structure of Brownian motion in the presence of a magnetic field and implies that the fluctuations along non-commutative directions are correlated. Moreover, our results show that the viscosity is smaller than the commutative case and that the diffusion properties of the quark are unaffected by non-commutativity. Finally, we compute the random force autocorrelator and verify that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem holds in the presence of non-commutativity.Comment: 34 pages. v2: typos corrected. v3: title and abstract slightly modified in order to better reflect the contents of the paper; footnote 3 and one reference were also added; version accepted for publication in JHE

Winter Bird Assemblages in Rural and Urban Environments: A National Survey

Urban development has a marked effect on the ecological and behavioural traits of many living organisms, including birds. In this paper, we analysed differences in the numbers of wintering birds between rural and urban areas in Poland. We also analysed species richness and abundance in relation to longitude, latitude, human population size, and landscape structure. All these parameters were analysed using modern statistical techniques incorporating species detectability. We counted birds in 156 squares (0.25 km2 each) in December 2012 and again in January 2013 in locations in and around 26 urban areas across Poland (in each urban area we surveyed 3 squares and 3 squares in nearby rural areas). The influence of twelve potential environmental variables on species abundance and richness was assessed with Generalized Linear Mixed Models, Principal Components and Detrended Correspondence Analyses. Totals of 72 bird species and 89,710 individual birds were recorded in this study. On average (±SE) 13.3 ± 0.3 species and 288 ± 14 individuals were recorded in each square in each survey. A formal comparison of rural and urban areas revealed that 27 species had a significant preference; 17 to rural areas and 10 to urban areas. Moreover, overall abundance in urban areas was more than double that of rural areas. There was almost a complete separation of rural and urban bird communities. Significantly more birds and more bird species were recorded in January compared to December. We conclude that differences between rural and urban areas in terms of winter conditions and the availability of resources are reflected in different bird communities in the two environments